ETHICS 202 QUIZ 3

Explanation:

Utilitarianism is often criticized for being too demanding because it requires individuals to always act in a way that maximizes overall happiness. This can sometimes mean sacrificing one’s own interests or well-being for the greater good, making it a very demanding ethical theory.

Explanation:

J. J. Smart is the author of “An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics.” In this work, he provides a detailed study of Utilitarianism and discusses its implications and defenses.

Explanation:

The second line of defense for Utilitarianism introduces Rule-Utilitarianism, which shifts the focus from evaluating individual actions to evaluating rules of conduct. This new formulation helps address some of the criticisms of Act-Utilitarianism and brings the theory more in line with common sense morality.

Explanation:

According to John Stuart Mill, the basis of rights is utility. Rights are justified by the utility they promote, meaning they contribute to overall happiness or well-being. This aligns with Mill’s utilitarian philosophy, where actions and principles are evaluated based on their consequences for overall happiness.

Explanation:

Immanuel Kant is considered one of the most important philosophers of all time, especially for his contributions to ethics and his development of the Categorical Imperative. His work has had a profound influence on modern moral philosophy.

Explanation:

Act-Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of individual actions based on their specific consequences. This can lead to decisions that conflict with widely held moral intuitions, making it often incompatible with moral common sense.

Explanation:

H. J. Paton is known for his commentary on Kant’s moral philosophy. His work, “The Categorical Imperative,” provides a detailed explanation and interpretation of Kant’s ethical theory, making him a significant figure in moral philosophy.

Explanation:

Rule-Utilitarianism gives a new formulation to Utilitarianism by focusing on general rules of conduct that tend to promote the greatest happiness. This approach helps avoid some of the criticisms faced by Act-Utilitarianism and aligns the theory more closely with common moral intuitions.

Explanation:

Immanuel Kant’s “Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Ethics” is considered one of the most important and influential texts in the history of philosophy. It provides foundational insights into Kant’s ethical theory, including the formulation of the Categorical Imperative.

Explanation:

In the context of ethics, particularly in discussions around intrinsic goods, friendship is considered a fundamental principle of ethics. It is valued for its own sake and is one of the intrinsic goods that contribute to human well-being and happiness.